Primary Crime Data Sources in the United States Essay

Primary Crime Data Sources in the United States - Essay Example This means that unreported crimes are not covered by the data. Therefore, the Uniform Crime Reports can not be said to cover all crimes but only reported crimes. They conclude that alone the Uniform Crime Reports do not provide comprehensive and conclusive data on incidence of crime in the United States so they must be considered only one part of an analysis of crime an supplemented with other sources of evidence. While they do not consider the National Archive of Criminal Justice Datas National Incident-Based Reporting System the same could be said of it. Its data is based on reported crime and leaves unreported crime unconsidered and unaccounted for. No official publications on crime rates consider unreported crime. Arguably, by definition, unreported crime cannot be considered using strictly quantitative measures. Unreported crime is best studied using other research methods such as interviews with residents of and employees of social service agencies in the city or area under examination. They may be particularly true in areas where law enforcement agencies and the criminal justice system are distrusted or feared. Lynch and Jarvis (2008) point to an even greater problem with academic statistical analysis of the Uniform Crime Reports. They note that the data is produced by and for law enforcement agencies and is intended to provide broad indicators of crime trends to law enforcement agencies. They also note that the data is not statistically rigorous, nor does it claim to be, because it was never conceived as a tool for academic analysis. Unlike the Uniform Crime Reports the National Incident-Based Reporting System also includes data on clearance or the disposition of incidents. This is particularly useful data for researchers and is not impaired by the fact that only reported incidents are included in the data set. For example, Jarvis and Regoezci (2009) used the National Incident-Based Reporting System to

Stage 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stage 1 - Essay Example It is from this perspective that adolescent girls become an important subject of discussion due to the fact that adolescent girls have been found to be easily influenced by socialization, social influences, peer pressure, and social acceptability (Koplan, Liverman and Kraak, 2005). In effect, adolescent girls are more likely to make purchases of particularly food and nutrition products not necessarily because of the personal experience or education they have with the food, cosmetic or drug but because of the influences they receive from peers to purchase. It has even been established in research that due to the physical and biological changes that these girls experience at adolescence, they become more concerned about their bodies at teen ages and thus look for every means possible to appear as they find pleasing in their own eyes (Lackey and Kaczynski, 2009). Because of some of the key variables discussed about teen girls and for that matter female adolescents on their physical and biological changes and the quest for most of them to achieve a perceived perfect body appearance, this group has often become the target group for most advertisers in the food and nutrition industry. Due to the existing delight from the girls themselves, the advertisers often portray their food, cosmetic and drugs to have the potential of making these girls achieve the perfect bodies that they require or desire for themselves. As reflected in the second research question that seeks to answer the question of ways that advertisements influence the perception of girls on food products and services, Hindin, Contento & Gussow (2004) note that food products and services advertisements do not always represent the holistic truth about what they seek to portray. Rather, they target the intuitions of their audience such that what only things that when audience hear that will draw them to making purchases are represented in advertisements. This means that the case is not always holistic or tru e in what the girls are told in advertisements. Where there is lack of holistic presentation of information, the advertisers have been accused of keeping key information on products that has to do with side effects and risk effects of their food, cosmetic and drugs (Luder, Melnik and DiMaio, 2008). Based on the review above, the second research question will be particularly important in answering because it will open the understanding of girls on the purpose for advertisements and the need for more holistic approach to be taken towards the making of purchases rather than basing sorely on what is presented in advertisements. Once this is done, the aim for the first research question will be achieved because girls are going to be offered more and more options and bases for taking decisions on purchases. Where the accusation is also with false advertisement, the reports have been that what advertisements present is not what the products or services can really offer. In some other cases , advertisers have resorted to over emphasis of the true potency of what products and services being advertised can do, thereby portraying perfect body images that are not really as they are in the real world. But most of these girls take

Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Organisations - Essay Example The classical school of organisation and management thought was mainly focussed on the overall development of organisations. It comprises of three theories of management, i.e. the ‘Scientific Management Theory’, the ‘Bureaucracy Theory’ and the ‘Administrative Management Theory’. The ‘Scientific Management Theory’ is based on well developed, specifically defined and definite principles of management. Such theories are often observed to assist the effectiveness of management in the organizations in its current status and in future as well (Agarwal, 1983). In the scientific management theory, managers are responsible for enhancing the productivity of the organisation. This theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is regarded as the â€Å"Father of Scientific Management†. This theory was mainly concerned with its implication in the American Economy when it faced limited competitive productivity along with GNP growt h. Subsequently, four principles of â€Å"Scientific Management† were developed by Taylor. ... l strengthen the employer-employee relationship All of these four principles significantly support the managers to resolve problems related to the productivity of the organisation. With its virtues, these principles became extremely popular in the organisations of America which later influenced the business sector of Europe as well (Hartman, n.d). The â€Å"Bureaucratic Theory† was put forward by Max Weber which largely influenced the management philosophy of organisations in the 20th century with its emphasis on the organisational structure (Agarwal, 1983). According to the assumptions of the theory, the higher level authority would control and supervise the lower level in the hierarchy; the employees in the organisation must have requisite skill to be expertise in a definite task as per the ‘division of labour’. Moreover, the ‘rules and regulations’ in the organisation must be in a standard manner in order to facilitate coordination. There must also be ‘impersonal relationship to be existed in between managers and employees’ so as to develop logical decision making process in the organisation. The competency level needs to be high as this would facilitate to remove biasness while hiring in addition to promoting the employees. It is essentials for an organisation to maintain the complete records of the entire activities in the organisation (Hartman, n.d). The â€Å"Administrative Theory† was proposed by Henri Fayol. This theory was later recognised as Management Process School as it entails that management is a continuous process that can be evaluated by its functions. Because of the fact that the theory considers almost every aspect of management, it was able to gain relevance in all levels of management and in different types of organisations (Agarwal,

Classical empires of SEA critique + essay Research Paper

Classical empires of SEA critique + essay - Research Paper Example Eurocentric in this context implies a term having its origin from Western Europe, but with no historical significance to the historical context of SEA people. According to Aung-Thwin,2 when historians refer to the â€Å"classical† period in Southeast Asia, they are usually referring to the period between the ninth and fourteenth centuries AD. In other words, the use of the term â€Å"classical† refers to civilization of SEA ancient kingdoms. The term refers to specific dynamics in the past considered critical in shaping the current dynamics in SEA countries. Moreover, as Aung-Twin argues, the word â€Å"classical† in SEA historical context was only recently used. Its use gained root in lectures and seminars during the 1960s and 1970s by western history scholars.3 Importantly, the term â€Å"classical† was first used when a group of western scholars of SEA studies met in 1977 to discuss â€Å"indigenous conceptual systems† among the â€Å"Indic† states.4 After some heated discussions among the scholars in the conference, the term â€Å"Indic† was deliberately replaced by the term â€Å"clas sical,† and all the following scholastic work in SEA studies started bearing the term â€Å"classical† instead. Essentially, the aim of the scholars was to separate the SEA historical context into distinct and systematic periods that successfully built on one another, similar to the European pre-medieval to post medieval periods. Therefore, judging from these dynamics, the term â€Å"classical† is Eurocentric and does not have any relevancy or meaning to the SEA people regarding their history. In addition, the current breed of scholars have refrained from writing anything about the classical SEA as people are more and more becoming aware of Eurocentrism, which is portrayed as a biased interpretation of history. The fact that earlier scholars chose to dwell on â€Å"classicalness† of SEA may be because they were Western educated, different from the current

Physician Assisted Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Physician Assisted Suicide - Research Paper Example In this paper, we shall look at this debate from the point of view of those who are for physician-assisted suicide. It is our opinion that physician assisted suicide is the right of the person who requests it so long as this person has a very valid reason why his life should be ended. Physician assisted suicide is not a new occurrence and it has in fact existed for as long as suffering has been a part of human reality. Since time immemorial, physicians have been receiving requests from their patients who are suffering to end it all by helping them to die. It is a fact today that some fifty seven percent of physicians have received a request from their patient to assist them to die in one way or the other. In most of these cases, physicians have declined the requests of their patients and have instead suggested alternatives to this course of action. One of these alternatives is the availability of modern medicine, which can relieve their pain because in the past, before the coming of this medicine, unrelieved physical pain may have been better and the physicians in those times do not seem to have had much choice in the matter. Another alternative would be for a patient to be given access to the best care possible by the government and this would most likely eliminate their desire to have a hastening of their deaths until such a time when their lives end naturally. The debate about the legalization of physician-assisted suicide as a means of ending a patients’ suffering remains controversial to this day and the history of this debate suggests that it is periodically given intense attention especially when the cases have the attention of the media. Because there is always the fear that a physician might misunderstand their patient’s wishes, there is currently very little support for physician-assisted suicide. However, physicians need to know how to respond to a request from their patients because whether they like it or not, the requests will keep o n coming and some cases may be so bad that they will have no other choice other than assisting them to die. As the debate on physician assisted suicide continues, there are two principles, which are agreed upon within the medical circles. The first is that the physician is obliged not only to relieve the pain and suffering of their dying patients, but also to ensure their dignity. The second principle is the fact that a physician must do all in his power to ensure that the competent decision made by their patients to forego treatment that sustains their lives is respected. One of the most important events that took place in this debate happened in 1997 when the United States Supreme Court made a decision concerning it. Firstly, it recognized that there was no right in the federal constitution to physician-assisted suicide, and secondly, it made the affirmation that the legislature at the state level may choose to legalize it. There are several arguments why some people are in favor of physician-assisted suicide among those patients whose suffering cannot be relieved by modern medicine. One of these arguments is that it helps to protect patients who know that they are dying but do not want to suffer deaths that are lingering and painful. Furthermore, it has been argued that physician assisted suicide is in line with respecting the independence of a patient in making decisions concerning

Examine the changing priorities of the United States in the Middle Essay

Examine the changing priorities of the United States in the Middle East - Essay Example Under hidden are the crude facts that are associated with the sole interests and benefits of United States of America. The region of Middle East holds its significance toward Americans because of its important different myths that are discussed below; The Population of Middle East is synonymous to that of Arab world, but to a limited extent as not all the countries are Arab, there are non Arabs as well in the Middle East. There are about 80% of the population that is Muslim, thus the Middle East basically comprise of the Muslim world countries. The Arab nations of Middle East are mostly rich in mineral oil. The countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Iran and Libya all are major oil producing countries. The role for war of terrorism by the Middle East; This has been in fact the greatest struggle that has been faced the members of these Middle East countries. It is not actually the war that has been imposed for these countries but in fact it is actually a problem of w rong perception-it is in fact the war against Islam rather than terrorism. There are many ways to misinterpret, mis-characterize or flatly misrepresent the various issues across the boundaries of the Middle East. The importance of Middle East towards America is not anything new to relate with the foreign policy of America. ... The various nations’s related concerns of United States along with their levels of impacts have been discussed over here which will ultimately help us to conclude some information about the changing priorities of United States towards Middle East along with their national and international reasons. US and Egypt: The current crises that have flown through the Egyptian states have been of vast importance to the United States due to its wide levels of oil related concerns with the country. The disruption of the supplies of oil due to the raised protests ultimately resulted in the raising of the prices of the oil in the world market. This also resulted in the increased threats to the US citizen survival in Egypt as well as the journalists of US. This has really created a dilemma for the US nation to be highly volatile about changing its policies and concerns. Military advantages: The termination of the Husni Mubarak Era has also turned over the benefits of US from the long standin g middle-East Ally. The US had been reaping over these benefits from the last two decades, and it military forces were being fed for the annual income of $1 billion for the access to Seuz Canal. Now the situation has changed and among the various dimensions that are being predicted one is that now the Americans would have to pull their hands from the great amount that was already coming their way against Military friendship or support. It is seemingly that the Muslim Brotherhood group is going to occupy an important position in the country soon and therefore America is wondering to know that after this whether the Africans Ally will cut those hands which have fed their army for so many years. It is also unpredictable to guess any idea about the impacts for Israel as

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay Outline the work of one religious agency working for world development and explain why it does this work. The religious agency, Christian Aid was set up in 1944, originally known as the British Churches Ecumenical Refugee Council. It was primarily created to help the thousands of homeless Europeans as a result of the Second World War. It became known as Christian Aid in 1945 and was filed as only a segregated department of all of the non-Roman Catholic churches the British Council of Churches and provided great help to the poorer people surviving in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid is now a worldwide organisation and has become an agency for the churches of the United Kingdom and in Ireland, working wherever their need is superlative, irrespective of the religion of this area. As well as doing this work, Christian Aid supports local organisations who are better at understanding the needs in their specified areas, whilst continually helping those in need with the sixteen offices they retain overseas. Christian Aid believes in helping people gain strength in finding their own solution to a particular problem rather than simply helping and leaving, Christian Aid provides withstanding support. In addition to this work, Christian Aid strives to transform a New World by ending poverty and continuously campaigns for the change of the morals and rules that allow the poor to get poorer. Christian Aid works and provides help in over sixty countries in the world today, supplying emergency aid and long term aid to organisations, which are working to create the end of poverty. Christian Aid prefers to work through local organisations in areas of lesser-developed economies, as they believe that these organisations understand the needs of their people best. A great plus of the agency of Christian Aid is that it works in all areas despite the religion or race of the place they are working in. In order to achieve the high aims set by Christian Aid, their work can be divided into four sections and they are as follows. Fund raising is a major issue and to be able to start any work in relieving the issue of poverty, Christian Aid has to tackle the problem of funds, which can be raised in several ways. In 1975, it was organised so that every year in May, Christian Aid week could be held as a nationwide even. This is where churches provide information about Christian Aid to almost every home in certain areas by posting letters through their letterboxes and asking for donations. In 1995, a record à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.6 million was raised for Christian Aid via this process. In addition to this, certain parishes and individuals organise events to raise money for the agency and in the past have contributed more by this process than in Christian Aid week. Emergency aid is also taken into consideration as Christian Aid set up a fund known as the disaster fund so it could be immediately used if a natural disaster were to occur and has often overtaken long term aid due to its efficiency in helping people survive the effects of a natural disaster. The work done by Christian Aid involves providing and sending food, medicine and materials to build shelters for the victims of such natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. An example of this aid was when blankets, tents and food were sent to refugees in Bosnia and Rwanda and when food was provided for drought-stricken Zimbabwe. This specified version of aid is so important that nearly 15% of Christian Aids funds are spent on it per annum. Long term aid is equally important and fortunately, Christian Aid is greatly advantaged in this area as it has contact with the organisations who receive the aid and the majority of Christian Aids emergency and long-term aid is diverted through Christian associations within the country concerned. If is often for these establishments to come up with fund-raising ideas to help relieve certain aspects of poverty in their area and then ask Christian Aid to finance these propositions. An example of this is when in Columbia, poor farmers were being threatened to be evicted from their homes. Fortunately, the farmers were able to establish an alternative environmentally friendly method which allowed them to develop their area that would provide an income for these farmers and their families. Christian Aid and the European Union are negotiating the finance of this scheme. Another example of Christian Aid helping lesser developed countries is in Bangladesh, where Christian Aid are funding a group of Christian workers to make basic drugs for medicine which are unavailable in Bangladesh. Consequently, as Christian Aid helps in all of these diverse and different areas, their main aim is to help people to help themselves. Education is a key factor to the success of Christian Aid. Nearly 5% of Christian Aids funds is consumed on education about the greater need of development and the way in which Christians are enabled to provide this help to those in need. The association of Christian Aid produces a newspaper, Christian Aid News, along with many other educational articles which not only provide information on the projects that Christian Aid is working on but how they are improving the rate of development in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid advocates campaigns for the improvement of living and health conditions in lesser-developed areas. Christian Aids motivation is built upon the Christian belief that all people are equal in the eyes of God and so therefore all deserve the same things. This organisation is driven by the beliefs that God cares about the poor and their lifestyle, wanting them to be treated accordingly. It is also believed that the worth and importance of a person is not measured on how much money they have or the material belongings that they may possess. It is written in the Bible that what counts is a persons desire to do good, their faith in God and actions towards other people. Due to these Christian beliefs, Christian Aid does everything within its power to help those who are less fortunate in both this country and abroad. The quotation, There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all once in Christ taken from Galatians 3:25 is the basis of the Christian Aids work. It is believed that everyone has rights and so deserves to be treated the same, despite their circumstances, creed, nationality, religion or colour. In conclusion to the work of Christian Aid and its motivation, it is clear that their main aim is not only to assist the poor, but help them learn to help themselves and by doing this, Christian Aid are increasing the development of the developing world. The motivation of this agency is obvious due to the fact that they are Christian and it is Gods belief that you should use everything within your power to help those in need of your help. Christian Aid believes that From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole Earth, Acts 17: 26, so that everyone is equal in the eyes of God as they were all created from the same mould, therefore everyone should be treated respectfully. Thanks to these beliefs, Christian Aids work is helping to eradicate the growth of poverty and sustain a development in the lesser-developed areas.